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January 2019 lunar eclipse

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January 2019 lunar eclipse
Total eclipse
Totality as viewed from Oria, Italy, 5:43 UTC
DateJanuary 21, 2019
Gamma0.3684
Magnitude1.1966
Saros cycle134 (27 of 73)
Totality61 minutes, 59 seconds
Partiality196 minutes, 45 seconds
Penumbral311 minutes, 30 seconds
Contacts (UTC)
P12:36:30
U13:33:54
U24:41:17
Greatest5:12:16
U35:43:16
U46:50:39
P47:48:00

A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Monday, January 21, 2019,[1] with an umbral magnitude of 1.1966. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 10 hours before perigee (on January 21, 2019, at 15:00 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]

Because the Moon was near its perigee on January 21, it can be described as a "supermoon".[3] As this supermoon was also a wolf moon (the first full moon in a calendar year), it was referred to as a "super blood wolf moon"; blood refers to the typical red color of the Moon during a total lunar eclipse.[4] This was the last total lunar eclipse until May 2021. This was a Super Full Moon because occurred less than a day before perigee and the Moon was less than exactly 360,000 km (223,694 mi).

The Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, California captured video showing a meteoroid between the size of an acorn and tennis ball impacting the Moon during the eclipse.[5] The impact was observed during totality, at 4:41 UTC, on the left side of the Moon.[6] It is the only documented case of a lunar impact during a total lunar eclipse.[7][8]

Appearance

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This lunar eclipse took place in the constellation of Cancer, just west of the Beehive Cluster.

Visibility

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The eclipse was completely visible over North and South America and western Europe, seen rising over the central Pacific Ocean, and setting over Africa, most of Europe, and the Middle East.[9]


Visibility map

Timing

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Contact points relative to Earth's umbral and penumbral shadows, here with the Moon near its descending node (left), and the hourly motion for the January 2019 lunar eclipse (right)
The timing of total lunar eclipses are determined by its contacts:[10]
  • P1 (First contact): Beginning of the penumbral eclipse. Earth's penumbra touches the Moon's outer limb.
  • U1 (Second contact): Beginning of the partial eclipse. Earth's umbra touches the Moon's outer limb.
  • U2 (Third contact): Beginning of the total eclipse. The Moon's surface is entirely within Earth's umbra.
  • Greatest eclipse: The peak stage of the total eclipse. The Moon is at its closest to the center of Earth's umbra.
  • U3 (Fourth contact): End of the total eclipse. The Moon's outer limb exits Earth's umbra.
  • U4 (Fifth contact): End of the partial eclipse. Earth's umbra leaves the Moon's surface.
  • P4 (Sixth contact): End of the penumbral eclipse. Earth's penumbra no longer makes contact with the Moon.

The penumbral phases of the eclipse changes the appearance of the Moon only slightly and is generally not noticeable.[11]

Local times of contacts
Time zone
adjustments from
UTC 		Americas Atlantic European/African
-8h -7h -6h -5h -4h -3h -2h -1h 0h +1h +2h +3h
PST MST CST EST AST GMT
WET 		WEST
CET
BST 		CEST
EET
MSK−1 		FET
MSK
EAT
Event Evening 20 January Morning 21 January
P1 Penumbral begins* 6:37 pm 7:37 pm 8:37 pm 9:37 pm 10:37 pm 11:37 pm 12:37 am 1:37 am 2:37 am 3:37 am 4:37 am 5:37 am
U1 Partial begins 7:34 pm 8:34 pm 9:34 pm 10:34 pm 11:34 pm 12:34 am 1:34 am 2:34 am 3:34 am 4:34 am 5:34 am 6:34 am
U2 Total begins 8:41 pm 9:41 pm 10:41 pm 11:41 pm 12:41 am 1:41 am 2:41 am 3:41 am 4:41 am 5:41 am 6:41 am 7:41 am
Mid-eclipse 9:12 pm 10:12 pm 11:12 pm 12:12 am 1:12 am 2:12 am 3:12 am 4:12 am 5:12 am 6:12 am 7:12 am 8:12 am
U3 Total ends 9:43 pm 10:43 pm 11:43 pm 12:43 am 1:43 am 2:43 am 3:43 am 4:43 am 5:43 am 6:43 am 7:43 am 8:43 am
U4 Partial ends 10:51 pm 11:51 pm 12:51 am 1:51 am 2:51 am 3:51 am 4:51 am 5:51 am 6:51 am 7:51 am 8:51 am 9:51 am
P4 Penumbral ends* 11:48 pm 12:48 am 1:48 am 2:48 am 3:48 am 4:48 am 5:48 am 6:48 am 7:48 am 8:48 am 9:48 am 10:48 am
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America

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Europe

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Impact sighted

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Livestreams detected a flash of light while viewing the eclipse. It was "likely caused by the crash of a tiny, fast-moving meteoroid left behind by a comet."[7]

Originally thinking it was electronic noise from the camera, astronomers and citizen scientists shared the visual phenomenon with each other to identify it.[7]

When totality was just beginning at 4:41 UT, the tiny speck of light blinked south of a nearly 55-mile-wide crater in the western part of the moon.[12]

The location of the impact may be somewhere in the lunar highlands, south of Byrgius crater, according to Justin Cowart, a graduate student in geosciences at Stony Brook University in New York who first saw the flash of light.[7]

“A meteoroid about this size hits the moon about once a week or so,” said Cowart.[12]

This may be the first time that a collision, during a total lunar eclipse, was captured on video.[7]

“I have not heard of anyone seeing an impact like this during a lunar eclipse before,” said Sara Russell, a professor of planetary sciences at the Natural History Museum in London.[7]

People posted their images and video of a flicker of light as news spread quickly on social media.[12]

Working overtime, co-director of the Moon Impacts Detection and Analysis System, MIDAS, an astrophysicist at the University of Huelva in Spain, Jose Maria Madiedo, set up eight telescopes to watch for any impacts during the eclipse.[12]

“Something inside of me told me that this time would be the time,” said Madiedo.[12]

A paper calculated a mass between 20 and 100 kilograms and diameter of 30 to 50 cm that may have caused a 7–15 meter crater located "inside a triangle with vertices in the Lagrange H, K and X craters".[13] Other astronomers estimated a 10-15 meter crater from a 45 kg asteroid moving 61,000 km/h.[14]

Eclipse details

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Shown below is a table displaying details about this particular solar eclipse. It describes various parameters pertaining to this eclipse.[15]

January 21, 2019 Lunar Eclipse Parameters
Parameter Value
Penumbral Magnitude 2.16972
Umbral Magnitude 1.19657
Gamma 0.36842
Sun Right Ascension 20h12m17.2s
Sun Declination -19°57'48.1"
Sun Semi-Diameter 16'15.2"
Sun Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 08.9"
Moon Right Ascension 08h12m28.7s
Moon Declination +20°20'13.2"
Moon Semi-Diameter 16'42.1"
Moon Equatorial Horizontal Parallax 1°01'17.9"
ΔT 69.1 s

Eclipse season

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See also: Eclipse cycle

This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight.

Eclipse season of January 2019
January 6
Descending node (new moon)
 January 21
Ascending node (full moon)
Partial solar eclipse
Solar Saros 122		 Total lunar eclipse
Lunar Saros 134
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Eclipses in 2019

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Metonic

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Tzolkinex

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Half-Saros

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Tritos

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Lunar Saros 134

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Inex

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Triad

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Lunar eclipses of 2016–2020

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This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of lunar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.[16]

The penumbral lunar eclipses on March 23, 2016 and September 16, 2016 occur in the previous lunar year eclipse set, and the penumbral lunar eclipses on June 5, 2020 and November 30, 2020 occur in the next lunar year eclipse set.

Lunar eclipse series sets from 2016 to 2020
Descending node   Ascending node
Saros Date
Viewing 		Type
Chart 		Gamma Saros Date
Viewing 		Type
Chart 		Gamma
109 2016 Aug 18
 Penumbral
 1.5641 114
 2017 Feb 11
 Penumbral
 −1.0255
119
 2017 Aug 07
 Partial
 0.8669 124
 2018 Jan 31
 Total
 −0.3014
129
 2018 Jul 27
 Total
 0.1168 134
 2019 Jan 21
 Total
 0.3684
139
 2019 Jul 16
 Partial
 −0.6430 144
 2020 Jan 10
 Penumbral
 1.0727
149 2020 Jul 05
 Penumbral
 −1.3639

Saros 134

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This eclipse is a part of Saros series 134, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, and containing 72 events. The series started with a penumbral lunar eclipse on April 1, 1550. It contains partial eclipses from July 7, 1694 through October 13, 1856; total eclipses from October 25, 1874 through July 26, 2325; and a second set of partial eclipses from August 7, 2343 through November 12, 2505. The series ends at member 72 as a penumbral eclipse on May 28, 2830.

The longest duration of totality will be produced by member 38 at 100 minutes, 23 seconds on May 22, 2217. All eclipses in this series occur at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit.[17]

Greatest First
The greatest eclipse of the series will occur on 2217 May 22, lasting 100 minutes, 23 seconds.[18] Penumbral Partial Total Central
1550 Apr 01
 1694 Jul 07
 1874 Oct 25
 2127 Mar 28
Last
Central Total Partial Penumbral
2289 Jul 04
 2325 Jul 26
 2505 Nov 12
 2830 May 28

Eclipses are tabulated in three columns; every third eclipse in the same column is one exeligmos apart, so they all cast shadows over approximately the same parts of the Earth.

Tritos series

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This eclipse is a part of a tritos cycle, repeating at alternating nodes every 135 synodic months (≈ 3986.63 days, or 11 years minus 1 month). Their appearance and longitude are irregular due to a lack of synchronization with the anomalistic month (period of perigee), but groupings of 3 tritos cycles (≈ 33 years minus 3 months) come close (≈ 434.044 anomalistic months), so eclipses are similar in these groupings.

Series members between 1801 and 2200
1811 Sep 02
(Saros 115) 		1822 Aug 03
(Saros 116) 		1833 Jul 02
(Saros 117) 		1844 May 31
(Saros 118) 		1855 May 02
(Saros 119)
1866 Mar 31
(Saros 120) 		1877 Feb 27
(Saros 121) 		1888 Jan 28
(Saros 122) 		1898 Dec 27
(Saros 123) 		1909 Nov 27
(Saros 124)
1920 Oct 27
(Saros 125) 		1931 Sep 26
(Saros 126) 		1942 Aug 26
(Saros 127) 		1953 Jul 26
(Saros 128) 		1964 Jun 25
(Saros 129)
1975 May 25
(Saros 130) 		1986 Apr 24
(Saros 131) 		1997 Mar 24
(Saros 132) 		2008 Feb 21
(Saros 133) 		2019 Jan 21
(Saros 134)
2029 Dec 20
(Saros 135) 		2040 Nov 18
(Saros 136) 		2051 Oct 19
(Saros 137) 		2062 Sep 18
(Saros 138) 		2073 Aug 17
(Saros 139)
2084 Jul 17
(Saros 140) 		2095 Jun 17
(Saros 141) 		2106 May 17
(Saros 142) 		2117 Apr 16
(Saros 143) 		2128 Mar 16
(Saros 144)
2139 Feb 13
(Saros 145) 		2150 Jan 13
(Saros 146) 		2160 Dec 13
(Saros 147) 		2171 Nov 12
(Saros 148) 		2182 Oct 11
(Saros 149)
2193 Sep 11
(Saros 150)

Half-Saros cycle

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A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros).[19] This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 141.

January 15, 2010 January 26, 2028

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "January 20–21, 2019 Total Lunar Eclipse (Blood Moon)". timeanddate. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  2. ^ "Moon Distances for London, United Kingdom, England". timeanddate. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  3. ^ Rogers, James (20 January 2019). "'Super blood Moon' eclipse stuns in remarkable pictures". Fox News.
  4. ^ "Super blood wolf moon: stargazers battle cold and clouds to view lunar eclipse". The Guardian. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  5. ^ Meghan Bartels (22 January 2019). "Watch a Meteor Smack the Blood Moon in This Lunar Eclipse Video". Space.com. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  6. ^ "A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know". Science & Innovation. 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Andrews, Robin George (23 January 2019). "During the Lunar Eclipse, Something Slammed Into the Moon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Video: A Meteorite Hit the Moon During the Recent Eclipse!". Jason Kottke. 23 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2019 Jan 21" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  10. ^ Clarke, Kevin. "On the nature of eclipses". Inconstant Moon. Cyclopedia Selenica. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  11. ^ Espenak, Fred. "Lunar Eclipses for Beginners". MrEclipse. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e "A meteor hit the moon during the lunar eclipse. Here's what we know". 22 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  13. ^ Zuluaga, J. I.; Tangmatitham, M.; Cuartas-Restrepo, P.; Ospina, J.; Pichardo, F.; López, S. A.; Peña, K.; Gaviria-Posada, J. M. (2020). "Location, orbit, and energy of a meteoroid impacting the Moon during the lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492: 1432–1449. arXiv:1901.09573. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3531.
  14. ^ The space rock that hit the Moon at 61,000 kilometres an hour | The Royal Astronomical Society
  15. ^ "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2019 Jan 21". EclipseWise.com. Retrieved 17 November 2024.
  16. ^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
  17. ^ "NASA - Catalog of Lunar Eclipses of Saros 134". eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov.
  18. ^ Listing of Eclipses of series 134
  19. ^ Mathematical Astronomy Morsels, Jean Meeus, p.110, Chapter 18, The half-saros
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