Moss Landing Power Plant
| Moss Landing Power Plant | |
|---|---|
 Moss Landing Power Plant, with its highly visible stacks | |
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| Country | United States |
| Location | Moss Landing, California6 |
| Coordinates | 36°48′17.54″N 121°46′55.19″W / 36.8048722°N 121.7819972°W |
| Status | Operational |
| Commission date | 1950 |
| Owner | Vistra Corp |
| Thermal power station | |
| Primary fuel | Natural gas |
| Combined cycle? | Yes |
| Power generation | |
| Units operational | 2 × 530 MW |
| Units decommissioned | 7 |
| Nameplate capacity | 1,060 MW |
| Annual net output | 5,336 GWh (2022)[1] |
| External links | |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| Vistra Moss battery | |
|---|---|
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| Country |
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| Coordinates | 36°48′09″N 121°46′25″W / 36.80250°N 121.77361°W |
| Owner | Vistra Corp |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 750 MW |
| Storage capacity | 3000 MWh |
| External links | |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
| PG&E Moss battery | |
|---|---|
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| Country |
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| Coordinates | 36°48′28″N 121°46′56″W / 36.80778°N 121.78222°W |
| Owner | PG&E |
| Power generation | |
| Nameplate capacity | 182.5 MW |
| Storage capacity | 730 MWh |
| External links | |
| Commons | Related media on Commons |
The Moss Landing Power Plant is a natural gas powered electricity generation plant as well as a battery energy storage facility, located in Moss Landing, California, United States, at the midpoint of Monterey Bay. As of 2024[update], the site's battery storage facility is the largest in the world, at 930 MW (power) and 3,700 MWh (energy). The energy storage facility stores excess electricity for later use during periods of lower electricity production (usually evening hours). Such excess electricity is typically produced by solar electricity during the daytime.[2]
The battery energy storage facility at Moss Landing actually consists of two smaller energy storage facilities. The first battery storage facility, known as the Vistra Energy Storage Facility is owned and operated by the Vistra Corp, and the second, known as the Elkhorn Battery Facility is owned and operated by California's PG&E utility company. The Elkhorn Battery Facility utilizes Tesla batteries to meet its energy storage needs.
The plant's two large 500′ tall stacks are local landmarks, visible throughout the Monterey Bay Area. Both the power generating plant and one of the battery storage facilities are owned and operated by the Irving, Texas based Vistra Corp. PG&E owns the second battery energy storage facility. The power generation plant currently has a capacity of 1020 MW (net) from its two combined cycle units.[3] It was once the largest power plant in the state of California, with a generation capacity of 2560 MW, before its two large supercritical steam units were retired in 2016.
History
[edit]In 1949, Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) began construction on the Moss Landing Power Plant. Five natural gas and oil powered steam units were built during the 1950s. Commercial generation started in 1950 with a capacity of 613 MW.
In 1964, the construction of two additional units began (6 and 7), with two new 500-foot (150 m) stacks. These two units had a capacity of 750 MW each for a total of 1500 MW, with 180 feet (55 m) tall boilers. They employed a newer technology using supercritical steam at 3,600 psi (25 MPa).
In 1995, the original five units were retired, and in 1997 PG&E let the permits lapse for these units.[4]
As part of the Deregulation of Utilities in California, PG&E sold the plant to Duke Energy (DENA) in 1998. To comply with more restrictive pollution regulations, units 6 and 7 were upgraded in 1998 with a selective catalytic reduction unit and digital control systems.
Starting in 2000, the eight 225-foot (69 m) stacks and 19 fuel oil storage tanks were removed, and two new units were built on the former site. The new units 1 and 2 were brought online in 2002. They are combined cycle units, 50% more efficient than the other units, because they use two turbines: first, a pair of 170 MW gas turbines, then a 190 MW steam turbine, for a total of 530 MW each. When completed in 2002, the plant was the largest power plant in California by capacity, at 2560 MW.[5]
In 2006, having invested over half a billion dollars in upgraded capacity, efficiency and emission control, Duke Energy sold the plant to LS Power Equity Partners.[6][7] Dynegy then purchased the plant in April 2007 along with other assets of LS partners.[8]
In 2015, a transmission tower collapsed at the power plant, causing a major Monterey County area power outage.[9]
On December 31, 2016, Dynegy retired supercritical steam units 6 and 7 as they were no longer economically competitive. However, Dynegy continued to maintain the permit on these units.[10]
In February 2017 Dynegy announced that it may close Moss Landing, due to market conditions resulting from a glut of wholesale electricity capacity in California making it difficult to operate profitably.[11][clarification needed] By 2018, California had 7,000 MW of surplus generating capacity, but a similar amount (mostly ocean cooled) would be retired by 2021.[12] The glut in electricity capacity is partially a result of policies which guarantee utilities like PG&E (a regulated monopoly) a return on investment for building new power plants, even when they are not needed. Independent power producers like Dynegy, on the other hand, did not have a guaranteed return on their investment.[11] Power production had dropped considerably, reducing taxes paid to Monterey County.[13]
On April 9, 2018 Vistra Corp merged with Dynegy Inc, and thus also acquired the Moss Landing Power Plant.[14] Vistra opted not to close the Moss Landing plant, but instead to expand it.[15] In 2021 Vistra began to refer to its Moss Landing power plant facility as the "Vistra Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility" and to no longer associate the name "Dynegy" with its Moss Landing facility.[16]
Moss Landing's connections to the California power grid
[edit]The plant has power lines that connect it to Path 15, and interconnections like Path 26 and Path 66 that allow power to flow to far-away regions. The plant is also connected to local loads and the San Jose region by transmission lines.
Natural Gas power generation
[edit]Both the supercritical units and the combined cycle units use once-through cooling. The supercritical units have a cooling requirement of 600,000 US gallons (2,300 m3) per minute, and the combined cycle units a requirement of 250,000 US gallons (950 m3).[4]
Supercritical Steam Units 6 and 7
[edit]Units 6 and 7 used supercritical steam. These units were retired at the end of 2016. At the end of their life, units 6 and 7 were typically operated as peaking units when demand for electricity was highest. In 2016, the last year of operation, they only operated approximately 3% of the time.[10]
The generation process for units 6 and 7 starts with natural gas injected at one end of the boiler to be burned. Primary water is injected at the other end of the boiler to receive the heat produced. The gas simply comes from a natural gas pipeline, and combustion products go up the stack and into the atmosphere. Water has a much more complicated path, and consists of two distinct systems: coolant water and primary (steam-generating) water. Cooling water is pumped out of the Monterey Bay or the nearby Elkhorn Slough. Then it is purified, used to cool down the water coming from the turbines, and discharged into the ocean. Steam for the turbines is created from the primary water flow, which is preheated before entering the boiler. From the boiler, the superheated steam is directed into a first turbine working at high pressure, then into a low pressure turbine. The turbines drive the generators.
Combined Cycle Units 1 and 2
[edit]Combustion products drive the gas turbines directly. First, air is drawn from the air intake to the compressor (driven by the turbine axle), then it is burned with natural gas in the combustion chamber. The hot combustion gasses then go through the actual turbine (driving the axle). From a thermodynamic standpoint, this is the standard Brayton cycle. Because the gas turbine does not transfer energy from the combustion process to the turbine via steam, it avoids the cost, energy loss and environmental impact of the primary water cycle.
At the output of the gas turbines, some of the remaining energy (heat) in the exhaust gas is recovered through a heat exchanger and transferred to water that feeds a steam turbine, similar to units 6 and 7.
On a smaller scale than the supercritical units, units 1 and 2 are also more flexible, with a start-up time of only an hour, against 24 hours for units 6 and 7.
Battery energy storage facilities
[edit]Utilities in California are required by a 2013 law to provide significant battery storage by 2024.[17] The Moss Landing Power Plant site has since been chosen as California's primary location to provide battery based energy storage in order to better utilize renewable energy sources such as solar and wind on a grid-wide commercial scale. On June 29, 2018 Vistra Corp announced that it planned on building at the Moss Landing Power Station site, what became the world's largest commercial electric battery energy storage site.
Battery storage facilities – planning and construction
[edit]Vistra Corp's battery storage development
[edit]On June 29, 2018, Vistra Energy [18] announced that it will develop a 300 MW / 1,200 MWh energy storage system to be located at Moss Landing, using the existing turbine building and existing interconnection from units 6 and 7, connecting to the 500 kV grid.[19] Vistra Energy expected the energy storage system to begin commercial operation by the end of 2020, pending receipt of approval from California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). This would be the largest lithium-ion battery energy storage system in the world.[20] The project began construction in December 2019,[21] and Phase 1 began operating at the end of 2020.[22] It is made of LG JH4 cells in TR1300 racks in two storeys in the old turbine hall.[23]
Phase 2 adding a further 100 MW / 400 MWh was completed in August 2021, bringing total capacity to 400 MW / 1,600 MWh.[24][25]
In 2023, construction of Phase 3 (113,000 modules in 122 special containers in open air)[26] with another 350 MW / 1,400 MWh was underway to bring total capacity to 750 MW / 3,000 MWh,[27] and commissioned in August 2023.[28]
An expansion to 1,500 MW / 6,000 MWh (also connecting to the 500 kV grid) was approved in August 2020, but not decided.[29][30]
Elkhorn Battery Facility development
[edit]Utilities in California are required by a 2013 law to provide significant battery storage by 2024.[17] Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) asked the CPUC to approve four energy storage projects located adjacent to the Moss Landing plant, including another large lithium-ion battery storage system of 182.5 MW / 730 MWh ("Elkhorn", located between the old turbine hall and Elkhorn Slough) to be provided by Tesla and owned and operated by PG&E, connecting to the regional 115 kV grid.[31][32][33]
The Elkhorn Battery Facility was designed to improve energy reliability and to allow for more renewable energy sources to be used at the Moss Landing site[34] by increasing electricity storage available in California.[35] The project also aims to save costs by reducing PG&E's reliance on peaker power plants that come online during periods of increased demand.[34]. The facility was to deploy 256 Tesla Mega packs to meet its energy storage needs.[36]
On July 3, 2019, in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act, the County of Monterey Resource Management Agency published a Mitigated Negative Declaration, detailing actions that must be taken to mitigate potential environmental impacts of the project.[37] The report concluded that the project would have a "Less than Significant Impact" on the environment, assuming the correct mitigating actions were taken.[37] Specifically, it was found that mitigating actions[clarification needed] were required to minimize the environmental impact of the project on "biological resources" such as wildlife habitat, and on "cultural resources", especially culturally-significant archaeological sites at the proposed location of the Megapack deployment.[37]
The project was subsequently opened to public submissions on its environmental impact. California Unions for Reliable Energy argued that the County of Monterey failed to meet the standards of the California Environmental Quality Act when performing its environmental assessment.[38] This same union group, with the same legal representation, used similar arguments against the California Flats solar project in order for organized labor to get concessions from the developer.[38]
In February 2020, the Monterey County Planning Commission unanimously approved the project, which was initially scheduled to start construction in late March[39] and be complete by 2021.[40] However, the COVID-19 pandemic in California and subsequent stay-at-home order forced the project to be delayed.[39] Construction with the Tesla Megapacks began in July 2020.[41][42]
The PG&E Elkhorn Battery Facility was commissioned and went online on June 7, 2022.[43]
Fires and high temperature safety incidents
[edit]Vistra Corp's high temperature safety incidents
[edit]In September of 2021 Phase 1 was shut down after a high temperature safety incident (no fire) caused by a leak in a liquid cooling hose, while Phase 2 kept operating.[44]
In February of 2022 another high temperature safety incident (no fire) occurred at the Vistra site. During this event Phases 1 and 2 went offline.[45] By July, 2022 most of the facility was back in operation.[46]
Vistra Corp's January 2025 fire
[edit]At 3 pm on Thursday January 16, 2025 an actual fire broke out in the 300 MW Phase 1 building. To date, this is the first and only fire to occur in the portion of the site managed by Vistra Corp. Battery systems (made of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides) ignited in the concrete hall, releasing large flames visible from the outside, reaching the fire's first peak between 8 and 10 pm. The building's fire suppression system failed to quench the fire, but the fire was contained within the area of the concrete building. Local authorities initiated the evacuation of 1,200 residents.[47]
In this case, as with other lithium battery fires, firefighters did not try to extinguish the blaze, but let it burn because these fires usually release toxic gasses and burn very hot.[2] Local authorities expressed concerns regarding the release of hydrogen fluoride and other hazardous materials. Fortunately during the two days of the fire wind velocities were low, allowing the smoke plume to rise high into the atmosphere before much dispersion had occurred.[48][49][50][51] By Friday morning the fire appeared to have largely gone out, however by early Friday afternoon the fires had increased in intensity once again. Later in the day the flames subsided once more. Air samples taken at ground level measured no hydrogen fluoride pollution.[47] As of January 19, the cause of the fire remains undetermined. Around 80% of this battery section had burned.[52]
On the evening of Jan. 17, 2025 the fire had finally diminished to a point where Monterey County officials allowed evacuated individuals to return to their homes.[53] On Jan. 22 Monterey County finally opened the last road in the vicinity that had been closed as a result of the 2025 Vistra Battery Storage Facility fire, which was Dolan Rd.[54]
Elkhorn Battery Facility fire
[edit]On September 20, 2022 a fire occurred at the Elkhorn Battery Facility (which facility is owned and operated by PG&E.) A Tesla Megapack had caught fire. Existing safety controls immediately disconnected the facility from the California power grid. PG&E customers were ultimately not affected by the shut-down. No injuries were reported as having resulted from the mishap. Approximately three months later, on December 30, 2022 the Elkhorn Battery Facility was placed back online.[55][56][57][58]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "Electricity Data Browser – Dynegy Moss Landing Power Plant". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
- ^ a b Hsu, Jeremy (January 17, 2025). "Fire at world's largest battery facility is a clean energy setback". New Scientist.
- ^ "Dynergy Generating Assets". Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
- ^ a b "Final Staff Assessment- Moss Landing Power Plant Project" (PDF). California Energy Commission. June 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ "Duke Energy Breaks Ground on Moss Landing Modernization Project". Duke Energy. November 16, 2000. Archived from the original on July 2, 2004.
- ^ "Duke Energy Completes Sale of Wholesale Generation Assets to LS Power". press release. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ "LS Power Closes Deal for Duke Assets". press release. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ "Dynegy Announces Completion of LS Power Transaction". press release. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ Melendez, Claudia (October 18, 2015). "Update: Power trickling back on across Monterey Peninsula". Monterey Herald. Archived from the original on August 8, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ a b "Moss Landing power plant's tall twin towers are off, but permits remain". Monterey County Weekly. February 23, 2017. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ a b Penn, Ivan; Menezes, Ryan (February 5, 2017). "Californians are paying billions for power they don't need". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
California has a big – and growing – glut of power, an investigation by the Los Angeles Times has found. The state's power plants are on track to be able to produce at least 21% more electricity than it needs by 2020, based on official estimates. And that doesn't even count the soaring production of electricity by rooftop solar panels that has added to the surplus.
Utilities are typically guaranteed a rate of return of about 10.5% for the cost of each new plant regardless of need. This creates a major incentive to keep construction going: Utilities can make more money building new plants than by buying and reselling readily available electricity from existing plants run by competitors. - ^ Spector, Julian (January 15, 2018). "PG&E Must Solicit Energy Storage and DERs to Replace 3 Existing Gas Plants". Greentech Media. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020.
The California ISO has about 7,000 megawatts of surplus capacity [in 2018]. ... about 7,000 megawatts of older plants are already set to retire by 2021 due to a regulation on plants that use ocean water for cooling.
- ^ Cortez, Felix (February 27, 2020). "Tesla battery power plant approved in Moss Landing". KSBW. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020.
'It's huge for the area and as you know the power plant has been gradually shutting down and they producing about one-tenth of the power they used to produce in the past and that hurts us from a tax standpoint', said Monterey County Supervisor John Phillips.
- ^ Vistra Energy Completes Merger with Dynegy Vistracorp. By Eric Padilla. April 9, 2018. Accessed Jan. 17, 2025.
- ^ Vistra to expand what was already the world’s largest energy storage facility PV Magazine. By Anne Fischer. Feb. 2, 2022. Accessed Jan. 17, 2025.
- ^ Vistra Completes Expansion of Battery Energy Storage System ... VistraCorp. August 19, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- ^ a b "PG&E, Tesla Break Ground on Landmark Battery Energy Storage System". PG&E (Press release). July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ "Vistra / Dynegy Merger – Vistra Energy". Vistra Energy. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ "Monterey County – File #: PC 19-019, PLN180394. Exhibit B – Discussion draft". monterey.legistar.com. Monterey County. March 20, 2019. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
- ^ "Vistra Energy to Develop 300-Megawatt Battery Storage Project in California". investor.vistraenergy.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ Hering, Garrett (April 17, 2020). "Despite COVID-19, 300-MW Calif. battery array expected online in 2020". www.spglobal.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Colthorpe, Andy (January 7, 2021). "At 300 MW / 1,200 MWh, the world's largest battery storage system so far is up and running". Energy Storage News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021.
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- ^ Vistra provides first look at Moss Landing energy storage facility on YouTube
- ^ "Best Project, Energy/Industrial: Moss Landing Phase III | Engineering News-Record". www.enr.com. Engineering News-Record. October 15, 2024.
- ^ Colthorpe, Andy (May 10, 2023). "Vistra's 350 MW Moss Landing expansion coming online this summer in California". Energy Storage News. Archived from the original on August 31, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ Colthorpe, Andy (August 2, 2023). "Moss Landing: World's biggest battery storage project is now 3 GWh capacity". Energy-Storage.News. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
- ^ "Vistra approved to build a grid battery bigger than all utility-scale battery storage in the US combined". pv magazine USA. August 13, 2020. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020.
- ^ "Dynegy Moss Landing LLC (Vistra Energy) / IS_PLN190253". ceqanet.opr.ca.gov. Monterey County. May 15, 2020. p. 9. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
transform the voltage between the 34.5 kV power conversion systems and the 500 kV transmission systems. The substations would contain the 500 kV transformer control house and associated breakers, switches, and miscellaneous equipment necessary to tap into existing 500 kV line.
- ^ "Advice Letter 5322-E from PG&E to CPUC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ "Tesla strikes another mammoth energy storage deal in California". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ^ "Monterey County – File #: PC 20-013, PLN180371. Exhibit B – Discussion draft". monterey.legistar.com. February 14, 2020. pp. 2–4. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
The BESS project will have the capacity to dispatch up to 730 megawatt hours (MWh) of energy to the electrical grid at a maximum rate of 182.5 MW for up to 4 hours during periods of high demand. The purpose of the Elkhorn Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) Project (project) is to enable PG&E to provide reliable and flexible power to the electrical system at and around PG&E's Moss Landing Substation, which serves the South Bay-Moss Landing local sub-area, spanning Silicon Valley to the central coast.
- ^ a b "Tesla's Megapack is a battery built for the electrical grid". Engadget. July 29, 2019. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Katz, Cheryl (December 15, 2020). "In Boost for Renewables, Grid-Scale Battery Storage Is on the Rise". Yale E360. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
- ^ PG&E Commissions Its Moss Landing Elkhorn Battery: 256 Tesla Megapacks Inside EV’s. By Mark Kane. Jun 07, 2022. Accessed Jan. 18, 2025.
- ^ a b c "MITIGATED NEGATIVE DECLARATION". County of Monterey. Archived from the original on July 18, 2022.
- ^ a b Shalev, Asaf (September 12, 2019). "Moss Landing mega battery project faces environmental challenge from union group". Monterey County Weekly. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
The same union group, represented by the same law firm, offered a similar critique a few years ago when the county was considering California Flats solar project in South County. The threat of a lawsuit allowed organized labor to get concessions from the developer.
- ^ a b Hering, Garrett (March 26, 2020). "US battery storage boom hits COVID-19 roadblock as project delays mount". www.spglobal.com. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
Pacific Gas and Electric Co.'s 182.5-MW Tesla Moss Landing Battery Energy Storage Project (Elkhorn), for instance, a marquee project planned near the shores of California's Monterey Bay, was on track to start construction in late March. That will not happen now as Pacific Gas and Electric, or PG&E, has postponed groundbreaking "until after the stay-at-home order is lifted", according to Paul Doherty, a spokesperson for the utility.
- ^ "Elkhorn Battery Storage Facility – Mitigated Negative Declaration". Monterey County. July 2, 2019. p. 7. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2020.
Construction for the project is anticipated to begin in late 2019 and early 2020, with closing-out activities continuing through summer 2021.
- ^ "PG&E, Tesla begin construction on one of the world's largest batteries". pv magazine USA. July 29, 2020. Archived from the original on September 28, 2020.
- ^ "PG&E commissions 182.5 MW / 730 MWh Tesla BESS at Moss Landing". Energy Storage News. April 19, 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022.
- ^ Kenny, Tess (June 7, 2022). "PG&E ushers in landmark Tesla battery energy storage system at Moss Landing". Silicon Valley. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022.
- ^ Colthorpe, Andy (September 8, 2021). "Investigation begins into overheating incident at world's biggest battery storage facility". Energy Storage News. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021.
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- ^ "World's biggest battery storage system comes back online after months of shutdown". Energy Storage News. July 18, 2022. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ a b "Fire erupts at Vistra's Moss Landing battery plant ..." January 17, 2025.
Preliminary air quality reports found that the blaze did not release a toxic chemical called hydrogen fluoride, Mendoza said, but the Fire Department did not share if other chemicals were released by the fire.
- ^ "Residents ordered to evacuate after fire breaks out at a power plant in Central California". www.msn.com. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ "Huge fire at Moss Landing battery plant spurs evacuations, road closures, sends out plumes of toxic smoke". January 16, 2025.
- ^ "Fire at one of the world's largest battery plants in California forces evacuations". Associated Press. January 17, 2025. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ Maisch, Marija (January 17, 2025). "Fire at California's Moss Landing battery plant triggers evacuation". Energy Storage.
- ^ "Massive Moss Landing battery "still smoking" as authorities probe cause of devastating fire". RenewEconomy. January 20, 2025.
- ^ Evacuation order lifted after fire breaks out at battery storage facility in Central California CNN. By Hanna Park et. al. January 17, 2025. Accessed January 17, 2025.
- ^ Monterey County – Road Traffic Advisories, Closures & Information County Roads Division. Jan. 22, 2025. Accessed Jan. 22, 2025.
- ^ Tesla Megapack battery caught fire at PG&E substation in California CNBC. By Lora Kolodny. September 20, 2022. Accessed Jan. 18, 2025.
- ^ Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Application for compliance review ... for the period January 1 through December 31, 2022 (See page 3-24.) PG&E. January 3, 2023. Accessed Jan. 18, 2025.
- ^ "PG&E Shares Findings of September 2022 Moss Landing Megapack Incident". Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ Spector, Julian (November 8, 2018). "PG&E's Record-Breaking Battery Proposal Wins Approval From Regulators". Greentech Media. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020.
four projects, totaling 567.5 megawatts/2,270 megawatt-hours ... includes ... 182.5-megawatt/730-megawatt-hour Tesla system that PG&E would own at a substation nearby.